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Subject index

A    B    C    D    E    F    G    H    I    J    K    L    M    N    O    P    Q    R    S    T    U    V    W    X    Y    Z

A


abacus  ↑
Abelian group ↑
absolute continuity  ↑
absolute term  ↑
absolutely convergent infinite product ↑
absolutely convergent integral  ↑
absolutely convergent product  ↑
accumulation point  ↑
additive inverse  ↑
adjacency relation ↑
adjacent vertices ↑
Against Heresies  ↑
alefbet  ↑
algebra ↑
algebraic structure ↑
aliquot part ↑ ↑
aliquant part ↑
alphabet ↑
alternating group ↑ ↑ ↑
alternating harmonic series ↑ ↑
alternating series ↑
alternating series test ↑
alternating series error estimate ↑ ↑
annihilator  ↑
antisymmetry ↑ ↑
Apocalypse of John  ↑
arc ↑
Arenarius  ↑
argument ↑
arithmetic mean  ↑ ↑
arithmetic-geometric mean  ↑
arithmetic-harmonic mean  ↑
Arithmetica integra  ↑ ↑
arity of an operation ↑
arity of a relation ↑
arrow ↑
ascending continued fraction ↑
associated element ↑
associative ring ↑
asymptotic basis ↑
asymptotic density ↑
asymptotic notation  ↑
autonomous recurrence relation ↑
axiom of choice  ↑   ↑ ↑
axiom of comprehension  ↑   ↑
axiom of existence ↑
axiom of extensionality  ↑   ↑
axiom of foundation  ↑
axiom of infinity  ↑ ↑
axiom of regularity  ↑
axiom of replacement  ↑
axiom of separation  ↑
axioms of transformations  ↑

B


Babylonian clay tablet YBC 7289 ↑
Babylonian method ↑
Babylonian positional system  ↑ ↑
Bachmann-Landau asymptotic notation  ↑
backward difference operator  ↑
Bacon’s code  ↑
bag ↑
base ↑
Baudhayana sutra ↑
Bernoulli number ↑ ↑
Bessel functions ↑
Beta function  ↑
Bézout domain ↑
Bézout’s theorem ↑
bigit  ↑
biconditional ↑
bijection ↑ ↑
bilinear function ↑
binary operation  ↑   ↑   ↑
        associative  ↑
        commutative  ↑
        external  ↑
        non-commutative  ↑
Binet’s formula  ↑ ↑
binary digit  ↑   ↑
binary operation ↑
binary relation ↑ ↑ ↑
binary system  ↑
binit  ↑
binomial coefficient ↑ ↑
binomial theorem ↑
bit  ↑
Bolyai-Gerwien theorem  ↑
Book of Daniel  ↑
Book of Revelation  ↑
Boolean algebra ↑ ↑
Boolean ring ↑
bounded sequence ↑ ↑
bounded above sequence ↑
bounded below sequence ↑
bunch ↑
Burroughs B5000  ↑

C


cancelable element  ↑
canonical homomorphism ↑
Cantor’s diagonal argument ↑
cardinality ↑ ↑
Cartesian product ↑ ↑
Cauchy’s complementary multiplication ↑
Cauchy definition of continuity  ↑
Cauchy functional equations  ↑
Cauchy’s polygonal number theorem ↑
Cauchy sequence ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑
Cauchy-Bolzano convergence criterion for infinite products ↑
Cauchy-Bolzano convergence criterion for infinite series↑ ↑
Cauchy-Bolzano convergence criterion for sequences ↑
Cauchy-Riemann conditions  ↑
Cayley numbers ↑
Cayley square (table)  ↑
Cayley table ↑ ↑
Cebysev’s (Chebyshev) function ↑
Cebysev’s (Chebyshev) polynomials  ↑
center  ↑
center of a ring ↑
center of gravity ↑
centrum  ↑
chain ↑
characteristic function ↑
closed with respect to an operation ↑
codomain ↑
coefficient of a polynomial  ↑
common logarithm ↑
commutative group ↑
commutative ring ↑
commutativity rule ↑
comparison test  ↑
compatible with an operation ↑
complement formula ↑
complementary multiplication ↑
complete distributive lattice ↑
complete metric space ↑
complete sequence ↑
completed infinity ↑
complex number ↑
complex polygon  ↑
componentwise definition ↑
composite function ↑
composite number ↑ ↑
composition of relations ↑
composition series ↑
concave polygon  ↑
           set ↑
conditionally convergent series ↑
concatenation ↑
concyclic polygon  ↑
conditionally convergent integral  ↑
conjunction ↑
constant term  ↑
continuity of functions  ↑
continued fraction ascending ↑
continued fraction representation ↑ ↑
continuous derivative ↑
contraction ↑
convergence tests of the first type ↑
convergence tests of the second type ↑
convergent infinite product ↑
convergent improper integral ↑
convergent sequence ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑
convergent series ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑
convergent subsequence ↑
convex hull ↑
convex polygon  ↑
convex set ↑
cube root ↑
counting function ↑
cycle ↑
cycle ↑
cyclic group ↑ ↑
cyclic polygon  ↑

D


De Augmentis Scientiarum  ↑
De occulta philosophia  ↑
decreasing sequence ↑ ↑
Dedekind finite ↑
Degen-Graves-Cayley identity ↑
De Morgan Law ↑
decreasing function ↑
degree of a polynomial  ↑
degree of a vertex ↑
Die Coss ↑ ↑
Di minor guisa  ↑
De numeris multiplicibus  ↑
diagonal  ↑
diagonal ↑
dictionary order ↑
dicyclic group ↑
difference equation  ↑ ↑
difference quotient  ↑
digraph ↑
dihedral group ↑ ↑
direct predecessor ↑
direct successor ↑
directed edge ↑
directed graph ↑
Dirichlet criterion for the convergence of Fourier series  ↑
discrepancy ↑
discrete-time delta operator  ↑
disjunction ↑
distribution ↑
divergence test for infinite series ↑
divergent improper integral ↑
divergent infinite product ↑
divergent sequence ↑
divergent series ↑ ↑
divided difference  ↑
divisibility ↑ ↑
divisor ↑
division ring ↑
divisor ↑
domain ↑ ↑
domino ↑
doubling formula ↑
duality principle  ↑
duplication formula  ↑

E


e ↑
EC-130  ↑
edge  ↑ ↑
edge-labeled graph ↑
eight-square identity ↑
Ein Rechen Büchlin Vom End Christ  ↑
element of a sequence ↑
Elements ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑
Elements d’arithmétique universelle ↑
embedding of a ring ↑
end ↑
endpoint ↑
end vertex ↑
entire function  ↑
entire ring ↑
entire transcendental functions  ↑
Epistola ad Magistrum Theodorum  ↑
equiangular polygon  ↑
equilateral polygon  ↑
equivalence ↑
Euclid’s Elements  ↑
Euler Beta function  ↑
Euler’s four-square identity ↑
Euler function of the first kind  ↑
Euler function of the second kind  ↑
Euler Gamma function  ↑
Euler-Maclaurin summation ↑
Euler-Mascheroni constant  ↑    ↑   ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑
Euler’s polyhedron theorem ↑
Euler’s summation formula ↑
even permutation ↑ ↑ ↑
Exercices d’analyse numérique ↑
Explication de l’Arithmétique Binaire  ↑
exploratory data analysis  ↑
exponential function ↑
exponential integral ↑
extension of a function ↑
exterior angle  ↑
extremal discrepancy ↑
extreme value theorem  ↑

F


factor ↑
factorial ↑
False ↑
family of sets ↑
Fast Fourier Transform  ↑
Fourier series  ↑
Fibonacci number   ↑ ↑
Fibonacci product ↑
field ↑
figural (figurate) number  ↑
finger multiplication ↑
finite graph ↑
finite group ↑
finite set ↑ ↑ ↑
finitely generated monoid ↑
fireset ↑
Flos  ↑
forward difference operator  ↑
four-square identity ↑
free commutative monoid ↑↑
free monoid ↑
function ↑
function iteration ↑
function 'sum of all positive divisors' ↑
functional equations  ↑
functionally complete ↑
fundamental parallelepiped  ↑
fundamental parallelogram  ↑
fundamental theorem of arithmetic ↑
fundamental sequence ↑
fuzzy logic ↑
fuzzy set theory ↑

G


Gamma function  ↑   ↑   ↑   ↑   ↑ ↑ ↑
Gauß formula  ↑
Gauß’s triangular number theorem ↑ ↑
Gauß-Legendre multiplication formula  ↑
gematria  ↑   ↑
general harmonic series ↑
generalized harmonic number ↑
generating set ↑
generator ↑
geometric mean  ↑ ↑
Gerwien theorem  ↑
Goldbach conjecture ↑
golden ratio  ↑   ↑
graph ↑
grayscale  ↑
greatest common divisor ↑ ↑
greatest element ↑
Greek numerals  ↑
group  ↑
group of invertible elements ↑
group of units of a ring ↑
grupoid ↑
groupoid  ↑   ↑   ↑
        alternative  ↑
        associative  ↑
        commutative  ↑
        division  ↑
        free  ↑
        inverse  ↑
        left alternative  ↑
        power associative  ↑
        right alternative  ↑
        with cancellation  ↑
        with division  ↑
        with unity  ↑
grupoid operation  ↑
group with left cancellation  ↑
group with right cancellation  ↑
gypsy multiplication ↑

H


Hamiltonian cycle ↑
Hamiltonian group ↑
Hardy-Krause variation  ↑
harmonic mean  ↑ ↑
harmonic number  ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑
harmonic of a tone ↑
harmonic series ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑
harmonic-geometric mean  ↑
hartley  ↑
Hausdorff space ↑
Hasse diagram ↑
head of an arc ↑
heap ↑
Hebrew alphabet  ↑
heliocentric system  ↑
Heine definition of continuity  ↑
hereditary representation ↑
Hewlett-Packard calculator 9100A  ↑
Heyting algebra ↑
Hilbert problems  ↑
homogeneous recurrence relation ↑
homomorphism ↑ ↑
Horner’s rule  ↑
HP-35  ↑
hyperbolic functions  ↑
hypergeometric function   ↑
        generalized hypergeometric function↑
Hume’s principle ↑
Hurwitz theorem ↑ ↑ ↑
hypergraph ↑

I


idempotent  ↑
identity (element)  ↑   ↑
        left  ↑
        right  ↑
image ↑ ↑
implication ↑
improper integral  ↑ ↑
incidence relation ↑
inclusion-exclusion principle ↑
increasing sequence ↑
indeterminate  ↑
indicator function ↑ ↑
infinitesimal ↑
infinite descent ↑
infinite graph ↑
infinite limits of integration  ↑
infinite product ↑ ↑
infinite products with non-negative terms ↑
infinite series ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑
infinite set ↑ ↑
infinity ↑
infix notation  ↑
initial conditions ↑
injection ↑
invertible function ↑
inverse relation ↑
integral domain ↑
integral test  ↑ ↑
integral unimodular matrix  ↑
integral test for the convergence of infinite series ↑ ↑
internal angle  ↑
intermediate value theorem  ↑
Introduction to Arithmetic ↑
inverse (element)  ↑
        additive  ↑
        left  ↑
        right  ↑
inverse function ↑
inverse image ↑
inversion ↑
intersection ↑
involuted element  ↑
irrational number ↑ ↑ ↑
irreducible element ↑
irreflexivity ↑
isomorphism ↑ ↑
isotropic operations  ↑
isotopy  ↑
Iverson’s bracket ↑
improper integral ↑ ↑
improper limit ↑
intersection of sets  ↑
invertible element  ↑   ↑

J


Jordan decomposition of functions of bounded variation  ↑
Jordan polygon  ↑
juxtaposition ↑

K


KDF9 machine  ↑
kernel of a homomorphism ↑
kibit  ↑
Klein four-group ↑ ↑ ↑
Knuth product ↑
Kolmogorov’s three series theorem ↑
Körper ↑

L


L2-discrepancy ↑
Landau’s asymptotic notation  ↑
Lagrange’s four-square theorem ↑
Lagrange’s theorem ↑ ↑
last vertex ↑
lattice  ↑
lattice ↑
lattice basis  ↑
lattice constant  ↑
lattice point  ↑
lattice polygon  ↑
lattice vectors  ↑
Latin square  ↑
law of composition ↑
law of De Morgan ↑
law of excluded middle ↑
law of non-contradiction ↑
law of syllogism ↑
leading coefficient  ↑
least common multiple ↑
least element ↑
Lebesgue decomposition of a function of bounded variation  ↑
left annihilator  ↑
left cancelable element  ↑
left ideal ↑
left identity (unity)  ↑
left inverse  ↑
left nucleus  ↑
left principal ideal ↑
left translation  ↑
left translator  ↑
left zero element ↑
Legendre’s polygonal number theorem ↑
length of a path ↑
length of a sequence ↑
length of a string ↑
lexicographical order ↑
Liber Abbaci  ↑ ↑ ↑
Liber quadratorum  ↑
Liber XVII Cento nuptalis  ↑
LIFO  ↑   ↑
LILO  ↑
limit of a sequence ↑
limit test  ↑
line segment ↑
linear order ↑
linear recurrence relation ↑
linear programming  ↑
Liouville’s theorem  ↑
Lipschitz condition  ↑
loculus of Archimedius  ↑
logarithmic function ↑
logical connective ↑
logical operator ↑
logical value ↑
longest common subsequence problem ↑
loop  ↑   ↑ ↑ ↑
Lowry-Wallace-Bolyai-Gerwien theorem  ↑
Lucas numbers ↑

M


Maclaurin series ↑
Maclaurin-Cauchy integral test ↑
magic square  ↑
magma  ↑   ↑
main (principal) branch ↑
Mangoldt’s function ↑ ↑
many-to-one function ↑
martingale convergence theorem ↑
maximal element ↑
Metaphysics ↑
Mathesis biceps: Vetus et nova  ↑
Maya number system  ↑
mean proportional  ↑
Mersenne’s prime ↑ ↑
method of infinite descent ↑
Methodus incrementorum directa et inversa ↑
metric space ↑ ↑
middle nucleus  ↑
minimal element ↑
minimal functionally complete ↑
mixed-base positional  ↑
modified Bessel functions ↑
modulus of continuity  ↑
Moebius’ function ↑
Moebius’ inversion formula ↑
monad ↑
monochrome  ↑
monoid  ↑ ↑
monoid ↑
monoid bijection ↑
monoid isomorphism ↑
monoid homomorphism ↑ ↑
monomial  ↑
monotone convergence principle ↑
monotone sequence ↑
Moore-Smith convergence ↑
mset ↑
multigraph ↑
multiple ↑ ↑
multiple-membership set ↑
multiplicative relation  ↑   ↑
multiplication by 5 ↑
multiplication by 9, 99, 999, etc. ↑
multiplication by 11 ↑
multiplication table ↑
multiplicity ↑
multi-valued logic systems ↑
multary operation ↑
multiset ↑
multiset coefficient ↑
multiplication table  ↑
multiset ↑
multivalued relation ↑
murious  ↑
myriad  ↑

N


naïve set theory  ↑
natural logarithm ↑
natural quotient map ↑
natural unit (nat)  ↑
negation ↑
neutral element  ↑   ↑
New Foundations ↑
New Testament  ↑
Nth root ↑
non-autonomous recurrence relation ↑
non-convex polygon  ↑
Nörlund difference quotient  ↑
non-convex set ↑
non-decreasing sequence ↑
non-homogeneous recurrence relation ↑
non-increasing sequence ↑
non-trivial divisor ↑
normal subgroup ↑
normal loop  ↑
nucleus  ↑
nullary operation ↑
null sequence ↑
number of divisors of an integer ↑
number sequence ↑
numerology  ↑
Numerorum Mysteria  ↑

O


occurrence set ↑
octonions ↑
octaves ↑
odd function ↑
odd permutation ↑
one-to-one function ↑
operation ↑
opposite element  ↑
order  ↑
order ↑
order of a graph ↑
order of a group ↑
order of a relation ↑
order of a ring ↑
ordering ↑
overmonoid ↑
Ordnung ↑
oscillating improper integral ↑
oscillating sequence ↑
oscillating series ↑ ↑

P


π ↑ ↑ ↑
p-test  ↑
p-series ↑
Paradoxien des Unendlichen ↑
parallelogrammic lattice ↑
parallelogrammic grid ↑
partial function ↑
partial operation ↑
partial ordering ↑
partially ordered set ↑ ↑
partial sum ↑
path ↑
peasant multiplication  ↑
perfect number ↑
period  ↑
permutation ↑ ↑
Pfister theorem ↑
Pick’s theorem  ↑   ↑
piecewise continuity  ↑
PIR ↑
Pochhammer symbol  ↑   ↑
point lattice  ↑
point of discontinuity of the first kind  ↑
point of discontinuity of the second kind  ↑
pointed set  ↑
Polish notation  ↑
polychoron  ↑
polygon  ↑
polygon vertices
polygonal number  ↑
polyhedron  ↑
polytope  ↑
positional numeral system  ↑
power associative loop  ↑
power series  ↑
power set (powerset) ↑
powerset axiom  ↑ ↑
polyadic operation ↑
polynomial  ↑
poset ↑ ↑
postfix notation  ↑
Practica geometriae  ↑
prefix ↑
prefix notation  ↑
preimage ↑
preorder ↑
prime element ↑
prime-counting function ↑
prime number ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑
prime number function ↑
primitive triangle  ↑
principal ideal ↑
principal ideal ring ↑
principal (main) branch ↑
principal N th root ↑
principal polygon vertex  ↑
product absolutely convergent  ↑
product function ↑
product of relations ↑
product rule  ↑
projective space  ↑
proper divisor ↑
proper limit ↑
proper subsets  ↑
proposition ↑ ↑
Proposition 31 of Book VII ↑
Proposition 20 of Book IX ↑
Proposition 36 of Book IX ↑
propositional operator ↑
Psammites  ↑
pseudograph ↑
pseudo-ring ↑
pure polynomials  ↑
pyramidal number  ↑
Pythagorean means  ↑

Q


quasigroup  ↑   ↑
quasi ordering ↑
quaternary operation ↑
quaternion ↑
quaternion group ↑ ↑
queue  ↑
quinary operation ↑
Quine’s set theory NF ↑
quintic ↑
quotient rule  ↑

R


radicals ↑
radix conversion  ↑
raising factorial  ↑
random harmonic series ↑
range ↑ ↑
rank of a monoid ↑
rank of an operation ↑
rational function ↑
rearrangement of a series ↑
recurrence relation ↑
recurrent sequence ↑
recurrence with constant coefficients ↑
reflection formula ↑
reflection relation ↑
reflexivity ↑ ↑
regula ignavi ↑
regular element  ↑
regular polygon  ↑
Rein analytischer Beweis ↑
relation (binary) ↑
remainder ↑
reverse Polish notation  ↑
restriction of a function ↑
Riemann hypothesis ↑
Riemann’s integral  ↑
Riemann integrable function ↑
Riemann sum ↑
Riemann surface ↑
Riemann zeta-function ↑ ↑
right annihilator  ↑
right cancelable element  ↑
right ideal ↑
right identity (unity)  ↑
right inverse  ↑
right nucleus  ↑
right principal ideal ↑
right zero element ↑
ring ↑
ring-homomorphism ↑
ring-isomorphism ↑
ring of polynomials with integers coefficients ↑
ring with identity ↑
root ↑
rng ↑
Russell’s paradox  ↑

S


sample ↑
Savilian Chair at Oxford ↑
semigroup  ↑   ↑ ↑
semigroup with identity element ↑
semi-convergent series ↑
sequence ↑ ↑
sequential continuity  ↑
set ↑
set theory  ↑
        naïve set theory  ↑
        Zermelo set theory  ↑
        Zermelo-Fraenkel set theory  ↑
set of all functions ↑
sextary operation ↑
Shrauta Sutras ↑
Shulba Sutras ↑
Srauta ritual ↑
side  ↑
sign of a permutation ↑
signum function  ↑
simple cycle ↑
simple graph ↑
simple path ↑
simple polygon  ↑   ↑
simple ring ↑
simple transposition ↑
size of a graph ↑
single-valued relation ↑
skew field ↑
snake method  ↑
software  ↑
solvability of quintic in radicals ↑
solvable group ↑
square root ↑
square root sign  ↑ ↑
stack  ↑
stacking of dominoes ↑
standard basis  ↑
standard form ↑
star convex set ↑
star discrepancy ↑
start vertex ↑
steganography  ↑
Stern prime ↑
Stirling’s formula  ↑ ↑
stomachion  ↑
strict ordering ↑
strictly monotone sequence ↑
string ↑
string searching problem ↑
subfield ↑
subsequence ↑
subseries of harmonic series ↑
subset  ↑
subset axiom  ↑
substring ↑
successor function  ↑
suffix ↑
submonoid ↑
subring ↑
sum function ↑
summation rule  ↑
sum-of-divisors functions ↑
sum of squares ↑ ↑ ↑
surjection ↑
symbol ↑
symmetric difference ↑
symmetric group ↑ ↑ ↑
symmetry ↑

T


T2 space ↑
tail of an arc ↑
Taylor polynomial ↑
Taylor series ↑
terminal vertex ↑
ternary operation ↑
term of a sequence ↑
term of a series ↑
The Sand Reckoner  ↑
topological space ↑
total order ↑
total relation ↑
total variation of a function  ↑
Traité du Triangle Arithmétique  ↑
transcendental number ↑
transitivity ↑ ↑ ↑
transposition ↑
Treatise of Fluxions ↑
tree representation  ↑
triangular number  ↑   ↑ ↑
triangulization  ↑
trigonometric functions  ↑
trivial divisor ↑
True ↑
true color  ↑
truth-functional connective ↑
truth value ↑
two sided-ideal ↑
truth table ↑

U


unary operation ↑
unary system  ↑
unbounded sequence ↑
uncompleted infinity ↑
undirected graph ↑
uniform-base positional system  ↑
uniform continuity  ↑
uniform distribution ↑
uniformly distributed sequence ↑
union axiom  ↑
union of sets  ↑
unique factorization theorem ↑
unit ring ↑
unitary relation ↑
unity element  ↑
Univac 1100/42 ↑
univariate polynomial  ↑
universal algebra ↑
universal element ↑ ↑
unlabeled graph ↑
unordered pair axiom  ↑
unoriented graph ↑

V


variation in the sense of Vitali  ↑
variation in the sense of Hardy-Krause  ↑
variation of a function  ↑
Vedic period ↑
Vera Circuli et Hyperbolae Quadratura ↑
vertex ↑
vertex-labeled graph ↑
Vierergruppe ↑
Vinogradov’s asymptotic notation  ↑
Vitali variation  ↑
von Mangoldt’s function ↑ ↑
von Staudt theorem ↑
Vorlesungen über Zahlentheorie ↑
Vulgata  ↑

W


Wadi Murrabba’at documents  ↑
Wallace-Bolyai-Gerwien theorem  ↑
Wallis’s formula  ↑
Was sind und was sollen die Zahlen? ↑ ↑
weak absolute continuity  ↑
weight of a path ↑
weighted graph ↑
weighted mean ↑
weighted set ↑
Weierstraß decomposition  ↑
Weierstraß primary factor  ↑
well ordering ↑ ↑
Wolstenholme’s theorem ↑
word ↑
word calculus  ↑
Wortrechnung  ↑   ↑

X

Y


YBC 7289 ↑

Z


Zahlkörper ↑
Zahlring ↑
Zeckendorf’s theorem ↑
Zermelo set theory  ↑
Zermelo-Fraenkel set theory  ↑ ↑
zero (element)  ↑
zero polynomial  ↑
zipper theorem ↑

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